Artificial intelligence, explained.
US Secretary of War Pete Hegseth seen on the viewfinder of a video camera as he speaks during a visit to Camp Aguinaldo on 28 March 2025 in Quezon city, Metro Manila, Philippines (Ezra Acayan/Getty Images)
Machines can out-fly and out-shoot humans, but deterrence still runs on a very human ability to imagine what comes next.
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Speed over judgement is winning the AI arms raceSpeed over judgement is winning the AI arms race
A few days after releasing the Pentagon’s “AI First” strategy (Opens in new window) early this year, US Secretary of War Pete Hegseth sounded the bugle at SpaceX’s Starbase in Texas along with praise for the company’s founder Elon Musk. In fustian fashion, Hegseth spoke about rapidly integrating AI and autonomy into the US military. At one point, he said, “Winning requires a new playbook. Elon wrote it with his algorithm: question every requirement, delete the dumb ones, and accelerate like hell.” For Hegseth, speed is everything.
The question about AI integration in military platforms is not if, but how and when. In Ukraine, both sides are rapidly deploying drones and interceptors powered by autonomous AI. In the Persian Gulf, the US is using its Maven Smart System, with Palantir’s help, to accelerate what military (Opens in new window) jargon calls “automated target recognition.” Put simply, it accelerates targeting decisions tenfold without sacrificing analytical judgement.
Israel uses autonomous loitering systems, or Harpy drones, which are now supplied to South Korea and India, among others. China and South Korea are other Asian powers that are rapidly integrating AI into their military calculus. AI agentic warfighting has reached such levels that the American Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has long run trials of simulated aerial dogfighting between AI agents and experienced human pilots. Paul Scharre explains in his book (Opens in new window) Four Battlegrounds that AI agents operating sophisticated F-16s – albeit in simulations – can perform manoeuvres that human pilots cannot physically withstand. AI agents demonstrate “superhuman capability.” Autonomy, notes (Opens in new window) Scharre, is the “cognitive engine that powers robots.”
That ability to step back from the precipice and fathom the consequences of our own actions is the heart missing from the machine.
Historically, automation was the first step to autonomy. During the American Civil War, Richard Gatling’s innovative loading and firing automation produced the Gatling gun capable of shooting 300 rounds per minute, while rifled muskets managed only three rounds. Direct automation in weapons had begun.
Armed drones and automation first proved their usefulness on a reasonable scale in counterinsurgency wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The crucible of conflict birthed its own brute weapons.
Proponents of autonomous weapon systems argue that such technologies can make war more humane. They can be trained to avoid civilian casualties, machines never tire and are emotionless and cold. Rage or revenge does not affect a robot. Plus, the reduced human workload and greater cost efficiency are other factors.
Naysayers, on their part, note that ethical and moral considerations should triumph over cold agentic calculations. Distinguishing between civilians and fighters requires contextual judgement, and algorithms cannot be left to calculate the force of firepower. Technical difficulties might emerge as well. Agentic autonomous weapons systems can be fed the wrong data, might display severe misalignment, or be manipulated by adversaries. More drastically, in an AI arms race, states competing for supremacy and first-mover advantage will not pay adequate attention to safety and technical regulations. US President Donald Trump has said he is creating an “AI Force” modelled (Opens in new window) on the US military’s Space Force.
That brings us to deterrence. How will AI and automation affect how countries calculate whether the costs of conflict are worth it? Former Pentagon official Michael Horowitz sketched (Opens in new window) an imaginary alternative version of the Cuban missile crisis. What if the US ships conducting the naval blockade had autonomous weapons? The algorithm would be trained such that it would automatically fire at Soviet ships breaking the blockade. If the Soviets could be plausibly warned of this earlier, it would put the onus of conflict directly on Soviet shoulders. Would this lead to greater deterrence? In theory, yes, perhaps.
The problem, Horowitz believes, would arise in how to persuasively communicate to the Soviets that autonomous weapons were truly deployed. Moscow could think that the other side was bluffing. The same could be said if the Soviets deployed autonomous ships to Cuba and had to make the Americans believe it. Another issue here could be technical failure and the prospect of accidental firing. Who would be accountable if machines fail?
Questions around AI, autonomy, and deterrence are knotty dilemmas. Humans might not be as efficient as agentic machines, yet we can grasp the bigger picture and see from the perspective of an opponent. That ability to step back from the precipice and fathom the consequences of our own actions is the heart missing from the machine.
About the author
Ved Shinde
Ved Shinde is an incoming doctoral candidate at the University of Cambridge. He has previously been associated the Asia Society Policy Institute and the American Enterprise Institute.
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